2015-06-01
Author: Martin J. D'Souza
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9814613312
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 244
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Book Description
Recent years have seen the development of novel technologies that use nanoparticles and microparticles to deliver vaccines by the oral and microneedle-based transdermal route of administration. These new technologies enable the formulation of vaccine particles containing vaccine antigens, without loss of their biological activity during the formulation process. Also, multiple antigens, targeting ligands, and adjuvants can all be encapsulated within the same particle. When administered orally, these particles are designed to withstand the acidic environment of the stomach and are targeted to Peyer’s patches and the gut-associated mucosal immune system. Since these vaccines are particulate in nature, they are readily taken up by phagocytic antigen-presenting cells, such as M cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages in Peyer’s patches of the intestines, resulting in a strong immune response and antibody production. Since no needles are required for oral vaccines, this method of vaccine delivery is inexpensive and suitable for mass vaccination in the developing world as well as the developed world. This book discusses studies conducted on a wide array of vaccines, including vaccines for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid, influenza, pneumonia, meningitis, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis B. It also discusses recent studies on vaccines for cancers such as melanoma and ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer.
Author: Martin J. D'Souza
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9814613312
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 244
View
Book Description
Recent years have seen the development of novel technologies that use nanoparticles and microparticles to deliver vaccines by the oral and microneedle-based transdermal route of administration. These new technologies enable the formulation of vaccine particles containing vaccine antigens, without loss of their biological activity during the formulation process. Also, multiple antigens, targeting ligands, and adjuvants can all be encapsulated within the same particle. When administered orally, these particles are designed to withstand the acidic environment of the stomach and are targeted to Peyer’s patches and the gut-associated mucosal immune system. Since these vaccines are particulate in nature, they are readily taken up by phagocytic antigen-presenting cells, such as M cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages in Peyer’s patches of the intestines, resulting in a strong immune response and antibody production. Since no needles are required for oral vaccines, this method of vaccine delivery is inexpensive and suitable for mass vaccination in the developing world as well as the developed world. This book discusses studies conducted on a wide array of vaccines, including vaccines for infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, typhoid, influenza, pneumonia, meningitis, human papillomavirus, and hepatitis B. It also discusses recent studies on vaccines for cancers such as melanoma and ovarian, breast, and prostate cancer.
Author: Paras Nayyar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Gelatin
Languages : en
Pages : 148
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Book Description
Author: Manmohan Singh
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461453801
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 370
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Book Description
Development of new-generation vaccines is now more challenging than ever, as identifying, purifying and evaluating vaccine antigens is a complex undertaking. Most importantly, once the relevant antigens have been identified, key focus then shifts to the development of suitable delivery systems and formulations to achieve maximum in vivo potency with minimum potential side effects. These novel formulations—many of which will be nanoparticulates—can deliver the antigens to the desired site, to the relevant antigen presenting cells, and prevent systemic exposure of the immune potentiators. The proposed book will outline all the critical steps that need to be considered for successful development of various types of nanoparticulate delivery systems for vaccine antigens. These contributions from leading experts in the area of vaccine formulation and delivery systems will tie in what is the most current status, including clinical evaluations with these novel vaccine technologies.
Author: Rinku Singh
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Colloids in medicine
Languages : en
Pages : 478
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Book Description
Author: Mariusz Skwarczynski
Publisher: William Andrew
ISBN: 0323400299
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 460
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Book Description
This book provides a comprehensive overview of how use of micro- and nanotechnology (MNT) has allowed major new advance in vaccine development research, and the challenges that immunologists face in making further progress. MNT allows the creation of particles that exploit the inherent ability of the human immune system to recognize small particles such as viruses and toxins. In combination with minimal protective epitope design, this permits the creation of immunogenic particles that stimulate a response against the targeted pathogen. The finely tuned response of the human immune system to small particles makes it unsurprising that many of the lead adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems currently under investigation are based on nanoparticles. Provides a comprehensive and unparalleled overview of the role of micro- and nanotechnology in vaccine development Allows researchers to quickly familiarize themselves with the broad spectrum of vaccines and how micro- and nanotechnologies are applied to their development Includes a combination of overview chapters setting out general principles, and focused content dealing with specific vaccines, making it useful to readers from a variety of disciplines
Author: Deepak Thassu
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420008447
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 376
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Book Description
With the advent of analytical techniques and capabilities to measure particle sizes in nanometer ranges, there has been tremendous interest in the use of nanoparticles for more efficient methods of drug delivery. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems addresses the scientific methodologies, formulation, processing, applications, recent trends, and e
Author: Ryan F. Donnelly
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118734491
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
This research book covers the major aspects relating to the use of novel delivery systems in enhancing both transdermal and intradermal drug delivery. It provides a review of transdermal and intradermal drug delivery, including the history of the field and the various methods employed to produce delivery systems from different materials such as device design, construction and evaluation, so as to provide a sound background to the use of novel systems in enhanced delivery applications. Furthermore, it presents in-depth analyses of recent developments in this exponentially growing field, with a focus on microneedle arrays, needle-free injections, nanoparticulate systems and peptide-carrier-type systems. It also covers conventional physical enhancement strategies, such as tape-stripping, sonophoresis, iontophoresis, electroporation and thermal/suction/laser ablation Discussions about the penetration of the stratum corneum by the various novel strategies highlight the importance of the application method. Comprehensive and critical reviews of transdermal and intradermal delivery research using such systems focus on the outcomes of in vivoanimal and human studies. The book includes laboratory, clinical and commercial case studies featuring safety and patient acceptability studies carried out to date, and depicts a growing area for use of these novel systems is in intradermal vaccine delivery. The final chapters review recent patents in this field and describe the work ongoing in industry.
Author: Brian R. Sloat
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Anthrax
Languages : en
Pages : 480
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Book Description
Currently, the only anthrax vaccine licensed for human use in the United States is the Anthrax-vaccine-absorbed (AVA or Biothrax). AVA suffers from several drawbacks, including a complicated and lengthy dosing schedule that requires six initial injections administered over eighteen months, followed by annual boosters. Therefore, a new generation anthrax vaccine that can be easily administered for rapid mass immunization and induce strong immune responses not only against the anthrax protective antigen protein, but also against the other virulent factors of Bacillus anthracis. To address these needs, a prototypic triantigen nasal anthrax vaccine candidate that contains a truncated PA (rPA63), the anthrax lethal factor (LF), and the capsular poly-[gamma]-D-glutamic acid ([gamma]DPGA) as the antigens and a synthetic double-stranded RNA, polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic (pI:C) acid as the adjuvant. This study identified the optimal dose of nasal pI:C in mice, as well as showed that pI:C enhanced the proportion of dendritic cells (DCs) in local draining lymph nodes (LNs) and stimulated DC maturation. The [gamma]DPGA was shown to be immunogenic when conjugated to a carrier protein and dosed intranasally to mice. Further, the anti-PGA antibodies (Abs) were shown to be functional because they were able to activate complement and kill PGA-producing bacteria. Nasal immunization with LF alone and PA alone induced strong, functional anti-LF and anti-PA Abs. Nasal immunization of mice with the prototypic tri-antigen vaccine candidate induced strong immune responses against all three antigens. The immune responses protected macrophages against an anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vitro and enabled the immunized mice to survive a lethal dose of anthrax lethal toxin challenge in vivo. When used as a nasal vaccine adjuvant, pI:C is generally considered to be safe. However, repeated high doses of pI:C tended to induce some side effects, including fever and abnormal liver functions. Therefore, new adjuvants are constantly being sought. Over the past several decades, an accumulation of research has demonstrated the usefulness of nanoparticles as antigen carriers with adjuvant activity. A novel lecithin-based nanoparticle was engineered from emulsions. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and PA proteins were covalently conjugated onto the nanoparticles. Mice immunized with BSA conjugated nanoparticles developed strong anti-BSA Ab responses comparable to that induced by BSA adjuvanted with incomplete Freund's adjuvant and 6.5-fold stronger than that induced by BSA adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. Immunization of mice with the PA-conjugated nanoparticles elicited a quick, strong, and durable anti-PA Ab response that afforded protection of the mice against a lethal dose of anthrax lethal toxin challenge. The adjuvanticity of the nanoparticles was likely due to their ability to move antigens into local draining LNs, to enhance the uptake of the antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and to activate APCs. Most vaccines require cold-chain refrigeration for storage and distribution. A major challenge in the vaccine development field is to develop formulations that do not require refrigeration. The most commonly used process in the pharmaceutical field to convert vaccine suspensions into solids of sufficient stability for distribution and storage is lyophilization. Using 5% of mannitol plus 1% of polyvinylpyrrolidone, the immunogenicity of the lyophilized protein conjugated nanoparticles (BSA-NPs or PA-NPS) was found to be undamaged after a relatively extended period of storage at room temperature or under accelerated conditions (37°C).
Author: Adrienne Victoria Li
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Book Description
Vaccines have benefited global health by controlling or eradicating life threatening diseases. With better understanding of infectious diseases and immunity, more interest has been placed on stimulating mucosal immune responses with vaccines as mucosal surfaces function as a first line of defense against infections. Progress made in nanoparticle research, in particular the successful use of liposomes for drug delivery, has made liposomes an attractive candidate for vaccine delivery. Here, we investigate the efficacy of using a novel nanoparticle system, Interbilayer Crosslinked Multilamellar Vesicles (ICMVs), as a mucosal vaccine to stimulate mucosal and systemic CD8 immunity. We first assessed the ability of ICMVs to elicit mucosal CD8 response, against the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA), by administration of the nanoparticles through the lungs. We explored the use of 2 different Toll-like receptor agonists (TLRa), monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C) or pIC) added to ICMVs as adjuvants. Pulmonary administration of ICMV with both adjuvants was found to give the most potent CD8 T cell response in both systemic and mucosal compartments. We looked further into the quality of the immune response and detected the presence of antigenspecific memory CD8 T cells in the system at ~2.5 months after immunization. The majority of these cells were found to be effector memory cells (CD44hiCD62Llo) and expressed markers for long term survival (CD127hiKLRG1lo), suggesting that long term protection against infection can be induced by pulmonary delivery of ICMVs. We also explored using this system to deliver a model HIV peptide epitope, AL 1, and ICMV successfully induced CD8 response against this epitope. Animals immunized against AL 11 were challenged with a live virus expressing the same epitope and protection was seen only in the pulmonary ICMV treatment group. Virus was delivered via the lungs and viral titre was decreased in both the lungs and ovaries. Neither the soluble form of the vaccine or ICMV delivered via parenteral injection conferred protection. Safety of the ICMV system was also assessed and no significant negative effects were observed in body weight and histological analysis on lungs. Finally, mechanism of using nanoparticles as pulmonary vaccines was investigated to gain better understanding in how particulate vaccine and route of immunization improved the efficacy of a vaccine. Overall, this thesis describes a comprehensive study of systemic and mucosal CD8 responses generated by pulmonary delivery of a novel nanoparticle system. This data provides evidence that mucosal delivery of ICMVs can safely and effectively stimulate disseminated mucosal CD8+ T cells at sites relevant for protection against mucosal infection. A better understanding of nanoparticles for pulmonary immunization was also gained.
Author: Brian Lee Pulliam
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 308
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Book Description
Pulmonary vaccination has many potential advantages, however the development of needle-less vaccination for pulmonary delivery may require dry forms of vaccines whose powder properties allow for biocompatibility, low cost, heat and freeze tolerance, efficient aerosolization, and the ability to target cells of the immune system. For each of these reasons nanoparticles can play a critical role in the formulation, development and delivery of needle-less vaccination. The studies presented address the formulation and characterization of biodegradable poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with the CRM-197 and Hepatitis B surface antigens and their evaluation in animals. The work demonstrates how nanoparticles can be created easily using scalable solvent displacement methods and then loaded with antigen at sufficient levels (>5% w/w) for vaccine applications. Under appropriate low temperature conditions, and with a proper mix of excipients, these nanoparticles can be formulated into dry powder aerosols that have excellent safety, aerodynamic, and stability profiles. When administered to the pulmonary tract in animals, these vaccines invoke strong immune responses proving their feasibility as vaccine delivery vehicles. Finally, the approach detailed is extended to other polymer systems such to create novel aerosol forms. These forms open new avenues of engineering and thus represent a major step forward in the development of pulmonary delivery technologies.
